References

Aannestad M, Herstad M, Severinsson E A meta-ethnographic synthesis of qualitative research on women's experience of midwifery care. Nurs Health Sci. 2020; 22:(2)171-183 https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12714

Afaya A, Dzomeku VM, Baku EA Women's experiences of midwifery care immediately before and after caesarean section deliveries at a public Hospital in the Western Region of Ghana. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020; 20:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2698-4

Afulani PA, Kirumbi L, Lyndon A What makes or mars the facility-based childbirth experience: thematic analysis of women's childbirth experiences in western Kenya. Reprod Health. 2017; 14:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0446-7

Aktaş S, Aydın R The analysis of negative birth experiences of mothers: a qualitative study. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2019; 37:(2)176-192 https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2018.1540863

Amroussia N, Hernandez A, Vives-Cases C, Goicolea I “Is the doctor God to punish me?!” An intersectional examination of disrespectful and abusive care during childbirth against single mothers in Tunisia. Reprod Health. 2017; 14:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0290-9

Askari F, Atarodi A, Torabi S, Moshki M Exploring women's personal experiences of giving birth in Gonabad city: a qualitative study. Glob J Health Sci. 2014; 6:(5)46-54 https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v6n5p46

Baas CI, Wiegers TA, de Cock TP Client-related factors associated with a ‘less than good’ experience of midwifery care during childbirth in the Netherlands. Birth. 2017; 44:(1)58-67 https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12266

Baranowska B, Doroszewska A, Kubicka-Kraszyńska U Is there respectful maternity care in Poland? Women's views about care during labor and birth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019; 19:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2675-y

Basile Ibrahim B, Kennedy HP, Combellick J Experiences of quality perinatal care during the US COVID-19 pandemic. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2021; 66:(5)579-588 https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13269

Bayes S, Fenwick J, Hauck Y ‘Off everyone's radar’: australian women's experiences of medically necessary elective caesarean section. Midwifery. 2012; 28:(6)e900-e909 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2012.01.004

Borrelli SE, Spiby H, Walsh D The kaleidoscopic midwife: a conceptual metaphor illustrating first-time mothers’ perspectives of a good midwife during childbirth. Midwifery. 2016; 39:103-111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.05.008

Brodrick A Not my choice: results of an online survey. Pract Midwife. 2014; 17:(2)15-17

Dahlberg U, Persen J, Skogås AK, Selboe ST, Torvik HM, Aune I How can midwives promote a normal birth and a positive birth experience? The experience of first-time Norwegian mothers. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2016; 7:2-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2015.08.001

Dahlen HG, Barclay LM, Homer CSE The novice birthing: theorising first-time mothers’ experiences of birth at home and in hospital in Australia. Midwifery. 2010; 26:(1)53-63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2008.01.012

De Schepper S, Vercauteren T, Tersago J, Jacquemyn Y, Raes F, Franck E Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth and the influence of maternity team care during labour and birth: a cohort study. Midwifery. 2016; 32:87-92 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2015.08.010

Declercq ER, Belanoff C, Sakala C Intrapartum care and experiences of women with midwives versus obstetricians in the listening to mothers in California survey. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2020; 65:(1)45-55 https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13027

Dencker A, Taft C, Bergqvist L, Lilja H, Berg M Childbirth experience questionnaire (CEQ): development and evaluation of a multidimensional instrument. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2010; 10:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-10-81

Diamond-Smith N, Sudhinaraset M, Melo J, Murthy N The relationship between women's experiences of mistreatment at facilities during childbirth, types of support received and person providing the support in Lucknow, India. Midwifery. 2016; 40:114-123 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.06.014

Drach-Zahavy A, Buchnic R, Granot M Antecedents and consequences of emotional work in midwifery: a prospective field study. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016; 60:168-178 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.04.014

Dupont C, Blanc-Petitjean P, Cortet M Dissatisfaction of women with induction of labour according to parity: results of a population-based cohort study. Midwifery. 2020; 84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2020.102663

Dwekat IMM, Ismail TAT, Ibrahim MI, Ghrayeb F, Hanafi WSWM, Ghazali AK Development and validation of a new questionnaire to measure mistreatment of women during childbirth, satisfaction of care, and perceived quality of care. Midwifery. 2021; 102 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2021.103076

Elmir R, Schmied V, Wilkes L, Jackson D Women's perceptions and experiences of a traumatic birth: a meta-ethnography. J Adv Nurs. 2010; 66:(10)2142-2153 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05391.x

Feijen-de Jong EI, van der Pijl M, Vedam S, Jansen DEMC, Peters LL Measuring respect and autonomy in Dutch maternity care: applicability of two measures. Women Birth. 2020; 33:(5)e447-e454 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2019.10.008

Forssén ASK Lifelong significance of disempowering experiences in prenatal and maternity care: interviews with elderly Swedish women. Qual Health Res. 2012; 22:(11)1535-1546 https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312449212

Fukushima A, Kobayashi Y, Kimura M, Yamazaki R Experiences of women who conceived and delivered their second child after an emergency caesarean section of their previous child. Trans Jpn Acad Nurs Health Promot. 2016; 46:46-49

Fumagalli S, Colciago E, Antolini L, Riva A, Nespoli A, Locatelli A Variables related to maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care in Northern Italy. Women Birth. 2021; 34:(2)154-161 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.01.012

Gärtner FR, Freeman LM, Rijnders ME A comprehensive representation of the birth-experience: identification and prioritization of birth-specific domains based on a mixed-method design. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014; 14:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-147

Hajizadeh K, Vaezi M, Meedya S, Mohammad Alizadeh Charandabi S, Mirghafourvand M Respectful maternity care and its relationship with childbirth experience in Iranian women: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020; 20:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03118-0

Hall J, Hundley V, Collins B, Ireland J Dignity and respect during pregnancy and childbirth: a survey of the experience of disabled women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018; 18:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1950-7

Haller A, Haller A, Tirić D, Tomić V Assessment of mothers’ satisfaction with health care during childbirth in a tertiary-level maternity ward. Med Glas. 2021; 18:(2)510-515 https://doi.org/10.17392/1373-21

Hastings-Tolsma M, Nolte AGW, Temane A Birth stories from South Africa: voices unheard. Women Birth. 2018; 31:(1)e42-e50 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.06.015

Hatamleh R, Shaban IA, Homer C Evaluating the experience of Jordanian women with maternity care services. Health Care Women Int. 2013; 34:(6)499-512 https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2012.680996

Heaman MI, Sword WA, Akhtar-Danesh N Quality of prenatal care questionnaire: instrument development and testing. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014; 14:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-14-188

Henriksen L, Grimsrud E, Schei B, Lukasse M Factors related to a negative birth experience – a mixed methods study. Midwifery. 2017; 51:33-39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.05.004

Hildingsson I, Rådestad I, Lindgren H Birth preferences that deviate from the norm in Sweden: planned home birth versus planned cesarean section. Birth. 2010; 37:(4)288-295 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-536X.2010.00423.x

Hildingsson I, Rubertsson C, Karlström A, Haines H A known midwife can make a difference for women with fear of childbirth-birth outcome and women's experiences of intrapartum care. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2019; 21:33-38 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2019.06.004

Hildingsson I, Karlström A, Larsson B Childbirth experience in women participating in a continuity of midwifery care project. Women Birth. 2021; 34:(3)e255-e261 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.04.010

Hollins Martin CJ, Martin CR Development and psychometric properties of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). Midwifery. 2014; 30:(6)610-619 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.10.006

Hosseini Tabaghdehi M, Keramat A, Kolahdozan S, Shahhosseini Z, Moosazadeh M, Motaghi Z Positive childbirth experience: A qualitative study. Nurs Open. 2020; 7:(4)1233-1238 https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.499

Howarth AM, Swain NR, Treharne GJ First-time mothers’ perspectives on relationships with and between midwives and doctors: insights from a qualitative study of giving birth in New Zealand. Midwifery. 2012; 28:(4)489-494 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2011.07.004

Iida M Development of the “Woman-Centered Care - Pregnancy Scale” and an examination of its validity and reliability. Journal of Japan Academy of Midwifery. 2010; 24:(2)284-293 https://doi.org/10.3418/jjam.24.284

Iida M, Horiuchi S, Porter SE The relationship between women-centred care and women's birth experiences: a comparison between birth centres, clinics, and hospitals in Japan. Midwifery. 2012; 28:(4)458-465 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2011.07.002

Jamas MT, Hoga LAK, Tanaka ACA Mothers’ birth care experiences in a Brazilian birth centre. Midwifery. 2011; 27:(5)693-699 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2009.10.004

Johansson C, Finnbogadóttir H First-time mothers’ satisfaction with their birth experience – a cross-sectional study. Midwifery. 2019; 79 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.102540

Kempe A, Theorell T, Noor-Aldin Alwazer F, Christensson K, Johansson A Yemeni women's perceptions of own authority during childbirth: what does it have to do with achieving the Millennium Development Goals?. Midwifery. 2013; 29:(10)1182-1189 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.05.013

Khresheh R, Barclay L, Shoqirat N Caring behaviours by midwives: Jordanian women's perceptions during childbirth. Midwifery. 2019; 74:1-5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2019.03.006

Khwepeya M, Lee GT, Chen SR, Kuo SY Childbirth fear and related factors among pregnant and postpartum women in Malawi. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018; 18:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2023-7

Larkin P, Begley CM, Devane D ‘Not enough people to look after you’: an exploration of women's experiences of childbirth in the Republic of Ireland. Midwifery. 2012; 28:(1)98-105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2010.11.007

Larsson B, Rubertsson C, Hildingsson I A modified caseload midwifery model for women with fear of birth, women's and midwives’ experiences: a qualitative study. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2020; 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2020.100504

Lawal T, Dodge LE, Toffey D, Zera C, Wu M, Larson E Facilitating positive birth experience when preferences are not met: a qualitative analysis. Birth. 2024; 51:(2)275-283 https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12783

Lazzerini M, Semenzato C, Kaur J, Covi B, Argentini G Women's suggestions on how to improve the quality of maternal and newborn hospital care: a qualitative study in Italy using the WHO standards as framework for the analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020; 20:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-02893-0

Leap N, Sandall J, Buckland S, Huber U Journey to confidence: women's experiences of pain in labour and relational continuity of care. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2010; 55:(3)234-242 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2010.02.001

Ledford CJ, Canzona MR, Womack JJ, Hodge JA Influence of provider communication on women's delivery expectations and birth experience appraisal: a qualitative study. Fam Med. 2016; 48:(7)523-531

Lewis L, Hauck YL, Ronchi F, Crichton C, Waller L Gaining insight into how women conceptualize satisfaction: Western Australian women's perception of their maternity care experiences. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016; 16:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0759-x

López-Toribio M, Bravo P, Llupià A Exploring women's experiences of participation in shared decision-making during childbirth: a qualitative study at a reference hospital in Spain. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021; 21:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04070-3

Lyberg A, Severinsson E Midwives’ supervisory styles and leadership role as experienced by Norwegian mothers in the context of a fear of childbirth. J Nurs Manag. 2010; 18:(4)391-399 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01083.x

Lyndon A, Simpson KR, Spetz J Thematic analysis of US stakeholder views on the influence of labour nurses’ care on birth outcomes. BMJ Qual Saf. 2017; 26:(10)824-831 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2016-005859

Maputle MS, Donavon H Woman-centred care in childbirth: a concept analysis (Part 1). Curationis. 2013; 36:(1)E1-E8 https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v36i1.49

Maputle MS Support provided by midwives to women during labour in a public hospital, Limpopo Province, South Africa: a participant observation study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018; 18:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1860-8

Mattison CA, Dion ML, Lavis JN, Hutton EK, Wilson MG Midwifery and obstetrics: factors influencing mothers’ satisfaction with the birth experience. Birth. 2018; 45:(3)322-327 https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12352

McKelvin G, Thomson G, Downe S The childbirth experience: A systematic review of predictors and outcomes. Women Birth. 2021; 34:(5)407-416 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.09.021

McLachlan HL, Forster DA, Davey M-A The effect of primary midwife-led care on women's experience of childbirth: results from the COSMOS randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2016; 123:(3)465-474 https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13713

Mekonnen ME, Yalew WA, Anteneh ZA Women's satisfaction with childbirth care in Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital, Bahir Dar city, Northwest Ethiopia, 2014: cross sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2015; 8:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-015-1494-0

Millicent Dzomeku V, van Wyk B, Lori JR Experiences of women receiving childbirth care from public health facilities in Kumasi, Ghana. Midwifery. 2017; 55:90-95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.09.010

Moloney S, Gair S Empathy and spiritual care in midwifery practice: contributing to women's enhanced birth experiences. Women Birth. 2015; 28:(4)323-328 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.04.009

Moyer CA, Adongo PB, Aborigo RA, Hodgson A, Engmann CM ‘They treat you like you are not a human being’: maltreatment during labour and delivery in rural northern Ghana. Midwifery. 2014; 30:(2)262-268 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.05.006

Mselle LT, Kohi TW, Dol J Humanizing birth in Tanzania: a qualitative study on the (mis) treatment of women during childbirth from the perspective of mothers and fathers. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019; 19:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2385-5

Mutabazi UP, Brysiewicz P Descriptive survey of women's childbirth experiences in two state hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal. Curationis. 2021; 44:(1)e1-e7 https://doi.org/10.4102/curationis.v44i1.2164

Namujju J, Muhindo R, Mselle LT, Waiswa P, Nankumbi J, Muwanguzi P Childbirth experiences and their derived meaning: a qualitative study among postnatal mothers in Mbale regional referral hospital, Uganda. Reprod Health. 2018; 15:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0628-y

Nikula P, Laukkala H, Pölkki T Mothers’ perceptions of labor support. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2015; 40:(6)373-380 https://doi.org/10.1097/NMC.0000000000000190

Nilsson C, Bondas T, Lundgren I Previous birth experience in women with intense fear of childbirth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2010; 39:(3)298-309 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01139.x

Nilvér H, Begley C, Berg M Measuring women's childbirth experiences: a systematic review for identification and analysis of validated instruments. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017; 17:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-017-1356-y

Nishimura K, Murata M, Okada M, Matsui H Subjective experience of foreign women living in Japan during pregnancy to one month postpartum: using trajectory equifinality model. Jpn J Matern Health. 2019; 59:(4)869-877

Oelhafen S, Trachsel M, Monteverde S, Raio L, Cignacco E Informal coercion during childbirth: risk factors and prevalence estimates from a nationwide survey of women in Switzerland. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2021; 21:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-03826-1

Olza I, Leahy-Warren P, Benyamini Y Women's psychological experiences of physiological childbirth: a meta-synthesis. BMJ Open. 2018; 8:(10) https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020347

Oosthuizen SJ, Bergh AM, Pattinson RC, Grimbeek J It does matter where you come from: mothers’ experiences of childbirth in midwife obstetric units, Tshwane, South Africa. Reprod Health. 2017; 14:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-017-0411-5

Otaki C, Yoshida M Satisfactory birth experiences as perceived by women who gave birth in a midwifery centre. Akita J Matern Health. 2013; 27:11-16

Otley H Fear of childbirth: understanding the causes, impact and treatment. Br J Midwifery. 2011; 19:(4)215-220 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2011.19.4.215

Pardosi JF, Parr N, Muhidin S Inequity issues and mothers’ pregnancy, delivery and early-age survival experiences in Ende District, Indonesia. J Biosoc Sci. 2015; 47:(6)780-802 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021932014000522

Patterson J, Hollins Martin C, Karatzias T PTSD post-childbirth: a systematic review of women's and midwives’ subjective experiences of care provider interaction. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2019; 37:(1)56-83 https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2018.1504285

Redshaw M, Hennegan J, Miller Y Young women's recent experience of labour and birth care in Queensland. Midwifery. 2014; 30:(7)810-816 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2013.06.018

Concept development in nursing: foundations, techniques, and applications, 2nd edn. In: Rodgers BL, Knafl KA (eds). Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 2000

Rodríguez-Almagro J, Hernández-Martínez A, Rodríguez-Almagro D, Quirós-García JM, Martínez-Galiano JM, Gómez-Salgado J Women's perceptions of living a traumatic childbirth experience and factors related to a birth experience. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16:(9) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091654

Scheerhagen M, van Stel HF, Franx A, Birnie E, Bonsel GJ The discriminative power of the ReproQ: a client experience questionnaire in maternity care. PeerJ. 2019; 7 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7575

Shareef N, Scholten N, Nieuwenhuijze M, Stramrood C, de Vries M, van Dillen J The role of birth plans for shared decision-making around birth choices of pregnant women in maternity care: a scoping review. Women Birth. 2023; 36:(4)327-333 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2022.11.008

Shiferaw S, Spigt M, Godefrooij M, Melkamu Y, Tekie M Why do women prefer home births in Ethiopia?. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013; 13:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-5

Silva US, Fernandes BM, Paes MS, Souza MD, Duque DA Nursing care experienced by women during the child-birth in the humanization perspective. J Nurs Ufpe. 2016; 10:(4)1273-1279

Sjöblom I, Idvall E, Lindgren H Creating a safe haven-women's experiences of the midwife's professional skills during planned home birth in four Nordic countries. Birth. 2014; 41:(1)100-107 https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12092

Skoko E, Ravaldi C, Vannacci A Findings from the Italian babies born better survey. Minerva Ginecol. 2018; 70:(6)663-675 https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4784.18.04296-X

Symon AG, Dugard P, Butchart M, Carr V, Paul J Care and environment in midwife-led and obstetric-led units: a comparison of mothers’ and birth partners’ perceptions. Midwifery. 2011; 27:(6)880-886 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2010.10.002

Taheri M, Takian A, Taghizadeh Z, Jafari N, Sarafraz N Creating a positive perception of childbirth experience: systematic review and meta-analysis of prenatal and intrapartum interventions. Reprod Health. 2018; 15:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0511-x

Takeuchi K Literature review on the birth experience of caesarean delivery. Sonoda J. 2018; 52:93-107

Tekle Bobo F, Kebebe Kasaye H, Etana B, Woldie M, Feyissa TR Disrespect and abuse during childbirth in Western Ethiopia: should women continue to tolerate?. PLoS One. 2019; 14:(6) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217126

Theuring S, Koroma AP, Harms G “In the hospital, there will be nobody to pamper me”: a qualitative assessment on barriers to facility-based delivery in post-Ebola Sierra Leone. Reprod Health. 2018; 15:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0601-9

Thies-Lagergren L, Johansson M Intrapartum midwifery care impact Swedish couple's birth experiences — a cross-sectional study. Women Birth. 2019; 32:(3)213-220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2018.08.163

Thompson FE The ethical nature of the mother-midwife relationship: a feminist perspective. PhD dissertation submitted to The University of Southern Queensland. 2001;

Thorbjörnsdottir KE, Karlsen IE, Dahl B, Røseth I “Talk to me, not at me”: obese women's experiences of birth and their encounter with birth attendants—a qualitative study. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being. 2020; 15:(1) https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2020.1845286

Toker E, Aktaş S The childbirth experiences of Syrian refugee mothers living in Turkey: a qualitative study. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2021; 39:(5)544-560 https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2021.1913487

Truijens SEM, Pommer AM, van Runnard Heimel PJ, Verhoeven CJM, Oei SG, Pop VJM Development of the pregnancy and childbirth questionnaire (PCQ): evaluating quality of care as perceived by women who recently gave birth. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014; 174:35-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2013.11.019

Vallely LH, Shalit A, Nguyen R Intrapartum care measures and indicators for monitoring the implementation of WHO recommendations for a positive childbirth experience: a scoping review. BMJ Open. 2023; 13:(11) https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069081

Vedam S, Stoll K, Martin K The mother's autonomy in decision making (MADM) scale: patient-led development and psychometric testing of a new instrument to evaluate experience of maternity care. PLoS One. 2017a; 12:(2) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171804

Vedam S, Stoll K, Rubashkin N The mothers on respect (MOR) index: measuring quality, safety, and human rights in childbirth. SSM Popul Health. 2017b; 3:201-210 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.01.005

Vedam S, Stoll K, Taiwo TK The giving voice to mothers study: inequity and mistreatment during pregnancy and childbirth in the United States. Reprod Health. 2019; 16:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0729-2

Walsh-Gallagher D, Sinclair M, Mc Conkey R The ambiguity of disabled women's experiences of pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood: a phenomenological understanding. Midwifery. 2012; 28:(2)156-162 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2011.01.003

Wassihun B, Zeleke S Compassionate and respectful maternity care during facility based child birth and women's intent to use maternity service in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018; 18:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1909-8

Standards for maternal and neonatal care. Group 1: general standards of care for healthy pregnancy and childbirth.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007

Definition of skilled health personnel providing care during childbirth: the 2018 joint statement by WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, ICM, ICN, FIGO and IPA.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018

Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA / Population Division.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023

midwives

Intrapartum midwifery care for women's enhanced childbirth: a concept analysis

02 May 2025
Literature Review
02 May 2025
Volume 33 · Issue 5
Midwife supporting a pregnant women

Abstract

Background/Aims

Midwifery care is crucial for women's physical and psychological wellbeing after birth. However, diverse evaluation indicators make it challenging to establish a unified concept of intrapartum midwifery care. Women's opinions can provide insights for better midwifery care. This review aimed to define and explore midwives’ intrapartum care from women's perspective.

Methods

This review searched PubMed, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science and Ichushi-Web for articles published after 2010 in English and Japanese. Rodgers’ conceptual analysis was used to outline the antecedents, attributes and consequences of intrapartum care.

Results

A total of 87 articles were included. Analysis highlighted seven attributes, five antecedents and eight consequences of intrpartum care.

Conclusions

From women's perspective, intrapartum midwifery care should address their needs, empower them and provide warmth and security. It should also protect their dignity while supporting their decisions and sense of control during birth.

Implications for practice

Improving practice will ensure that women receive high-quality care from midwives during childbirth. Developing a scale based on the concepts identified in this study could enable objective assessment of care. Such an approach may enhance midwifery care and improve childbirth experiences across different cultural contexts.

Midwifery care influences women's physical and psychological outcomes after birth (Taheri et al, 2018). Improving the care provided helps promote women's postpartum health and wellbeing (McKelvin et al, 2021).

Multiple studies have assessed midwifery care using life-saving outcomes for women and children, such as mortality and complications, as indicators of the quality of care (World Health Organization (WHO), 2007; WHO et al, 2023). Other indicators include the proportion of women who use maternity facilities and the percentage of births attended by skilled birth attendants (WHO et al, 2018; Vallely et al, 2023). Outcomes for measurements of midwifery care vary widely, and include birth experience (Dencker et al, 2010; Nilvér et al, 2017), birth satisfaction (Hollins Martin and Martin, 2014), women's autonomy (Vedam et al, 2017a), self-determination (Vedam et al, 2017b) and quality of care (Heaman et al, 2014; Truijens et al, 2014; Scheerhagen et al, 2019; Dwekat et al, 2021).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting British Journal of Midwifery and reading some of our peer-reviewed resources for midwives. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Limited access to our clinical or professional articles

  • New content and clinical newsletter updates each month

Register
Or continue by

Signing in with your registered email address

Concept analysis
Midwifery
Parturition
Perinatal care
Women's perspectives